Correct!
5. All of the above
A second tube was inserted which also showed an air leak indicated by bubbling at the water seal in the pleural drainage system. Over the 3 weeks, the tubes were repeatedly examined and tested to ensure that air leak was coming from the patient's thorax, and not the tube or the drainage system. The skin entry sites were examined and confirmed to be air tight to prevent ingress of atmospheric air. The tubes were variously placed on suction, water seal, clamped, unclamped, and placed back on suction several times. The pneumothorax persisted despite of this, and the diagnosis of a persistent bronchopleural fistula was made and various options were discussed for treatment. The thoracic surgery service saw the patient but did not recommend surgical intervention by VATS or thoracotomy.
Which of the following are treatment options for a persistent bronchopleural fistula?