Correct!
5. All of the above

The optimal treatment for alveolar hemorrhage in APS is unclear and a variety of anti-inflammatory therapies have been successfully tried. Recently, a patient with APS and repeated alveolar hemorrhage was reported to have a dramatic response to rituximab (4). Because of a similar history in this patient rituximab was recommended.

References

1. Keane MP, Lynch JP 3rd. Pleuropulmonary manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Thorax 2000;55:159-66.
2. Ruiz-Irastorza G, Crowther M, Branch W, Khamashta MA. Antiphospholipid syndrome. Lancet 2010; 376:1498-509.
3. Pengo V, Tripodi A, Reber G, et al. Update of the guidelines for lupus anticoagulant detection. Subcommittee on Lupus Anticoagulant/Antiphospholipid Antibody of the Scientific and Standardisation Committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. J Thromb Haemost 2009; 7:1737-40.
4. Scheiman Elazary A, Klahr PP, Hershko AY, Dranitzki Z, Rubinow A, Naparstek Y. Rituximab induces resolution of recurrent diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in a patient with primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Lupus 2012;21:438-40.

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