Correct!
3. Graft versus host disease
Vogel et al. (1) reported 6 cases of thoracic air leak syndrome (pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax or interstitial emphysema) after stem cell transplant. All had had histologically proven bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) or bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP). Active invasive pulmonary aspergillosis was also identified in 4 of the 6. Others have made similar observations that the incidence of thoracic air leak syndrome is relatively uncommon at <3% of stem cell transplants but nearly all with thoracic air leak syndrome had BO or BOOP (2-4).
References
- Vogel M, Brodoefel H, Bethge W, Faul C, Hartmann J, Schimmel H, Wehrmann M, Claussen CD, Horger M. Spontaneous thoracic air-leakage syndrome in patients following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: causes, CT-follow up and patient outcome. Eur J Radiol 2006;60:392-7.
- Franquet T, Rodríguez S, Hernández JM, Martino R, Giménez A, Hidalgo A, Domingo P. Air-leak syndromes in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients with chronic GVHD. J Thor Imaging 2007;22:335-40.
- Moon MH, Sa YJ, Cho KD, Jo KH, Lee SH, Sim SB. Thoracic air-leak syndromes in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients with graft-versus-host disease: a possible sign for poor response to treatment and poor prognosis. J Kor Med Sci 2010;25:658-62.
- Sakai R, Kanamori H, Nakaseko C, Yoshiba F, Fujimaki K, Sakura T, Fujisawa S, Kawai N, Onoda M, Matsushima T, Maruta A, Sakamaki H, Okamoto S. Air-leak syndrome following allo-SCT in adult patients: report from the Kanto Study Group for cell therapy in Japan. Bone Marrow Transplant 2011;46:379-84.